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}} Albert Schweitzer (14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a German—and later French—theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary in Africa, also known for his historical work on Jesus. He was born in the province of Alsace-Lorraine, at that time part of the German Empire, though he considered himself French and wrote mostly in French. Schweitzer, a Lutheran, challenged both the secular view of Jesus as depicted by historical-critical methodology current at this time in certain academic circles, as well as the traditional Christian view. His contributions to the interpretation of Pauline theology are noteworthy as they concern the role of Paul's mysticism of "being in Christ" as primary in importance to the secondary doctrine of Justification by Faith. He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize for his philosophy of "Reverence for Life",〔.〕 expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding and sustaining the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Lambaréné, now in Gabon, west central Africa (then French Equatorial Africa). As a music scholar and organist, he studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the Organ reform movement (''Orgelbewegung''). ==Education== Schweitzer was born in Kaysersberg, the son of Adele (Schillinger) and Ludwig (Louis) Schweitzer.〔.〕 He spent his childhood in the village of Gunsbach, Alsace (), where his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, taught him how to play music.〔.〕 Long disputed, the predominantly German-speaking region of Alsace or Elsaß was acquired by France in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia; was (re)annexed by Germany in 1871; after World War I, it reverted to France. The tiny village is home to the Association Internationale Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).〔.〕 The medieval parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant and Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas at different times on Sundays. This compromise arose after the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years War. Schweitzer, the pastor's son, grew up in this exceptional environment of religious tolerance, and developed the belief that true Christianity should always work towards a unity of faith and purpose.〔Seaver (1951) pp. 3–9.〕 Schweitzer's home language was an Alsatian dialect of German. At Mulhouse high school he got his "Abitur" (the certificate at the end of secondary education), in 1893. He studied organ there from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist of the Protestant Temple, who inspired Schweitzer with his profound enthusiasm for the music of German composer Richard Wagner.〔A. Schweitzer, ''Eugene Munch'' (J. Brinkmann, Mulhouse 1898).〕 In 1893 he played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ-music contained a mystic sense of the eternal. Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to teach Schweitzer without fee, and a great and influential friendship was begun.〔Joy (1953) pp. 23–24.〕 From 1893 he studied Protestant theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm Universität of Straßburg. There he also received instruction in piano and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely with Ernest Munch (the brother of his former teacher), organist of St William church, who was also a passionate admirer of J.S. Bach's music.〔Joy (1953) p. 24.〕 Schweitzer served his one-year compulsory military service in 1894. Schweitzer saw many operas of Richard Wagner at Straßburg (under Otto Lohse), and in 1896 he pulled together the funds to visit Bayreuth to see Wagner's ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'' and ''Parsifal'', and was deeply affected. In 1898 he went back to Paris to write a PhD dissertation on ''The Religious Philosophy of Kant'' at the Sorbonne, and to study in earnest with Widor. Here he often met with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He also studied piano at that time with Marie Jaëll.〔George N. Marshall, David Poling, (''Schweitzer'' ), JHU Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6455-0〕 He completed his theology degree in 1899 and published his PhD thesis at the University of Tübingen in 1899.〔Joy (1953) pp. 24–25.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Albert Schweitzer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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